Bugs can appear at any stage: in requirements, where gaps or ambiguity later reveal themselves; in design, where complexity can cause unexpected behaviour; in development, where even the best coder might overlook a detail; in testing, when features interact in surprising ways; and in deployment, where real-world use always uncovers something new. After thirty years in this field, I can say with confidence that every project has bugs. What matters is not their existence, but how you deal with them.
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